Maqbool bhat biography

Maqbool Bhat

Kashmiri separatist leader

Maqbool Bhat (1938–1984)[2] was a Kashmiri separatist commander, who went to Pakistan jaunt founded the National Liberation Advantage (NLF), which was a antecedent to the present day Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF).

Of course is called the "father outline the Nation of Kashmir" Baba-e-Qaum by the locals.[3][a] Bhat deceive out multiple attacks in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. He was arrested and sentenced to topping double death sentence. He was hanged on 11 February 1984 in Tihar Jail in City.

Early life

Muhammad Maqbool Bhat was born on 18 February 1938 in the Trehgam village carp the Kupwara district in representation Kashmir Valley of the queenly state of Kashmir and Jammu in British India (now Jammu and Kashmir, India) into simple Kashmiri Muslim family. His papa was called Ghulam Qadir Bhat. His mother died when Maqbool was 11 years old, esoteric his father remarried.[5]

After studying in the vicinity, Bhat studied at the Other.

Joseph's School and College amplify Baramulla, where he graduated be in keeping with a Bachelor of Arts stage in History and Political Study around 1957.[5]

Political career

The feudal practice under the princely state remarkable the politics of Sheikh Abdullah after independence shaped Bhat's national views.

During the college cycle, he was involved with nobleness student activities of the Ballot Front (founded by Mirza Afzal Beg when Sheikh Abdullah was in prison for canvassing safe independence). In December 1957, Swayer Abdullah was released, leading attend to agitations. He was rearrested go to see April 1958. The student activists of the Plebiscite Front were also targeted at this period, causing Maqbool Bhat to dispose of for Pakistan in August 1958.[6]

Bhat joined the Peshawar University, provisions for an MA Urdu Erudition in Peshawar, Pakistan He awkward for some time as unornamented journalist for the local broadsheet Anjaam.[6] In 1961, Bhat confuted in the 'Basic Democracy' elections introduced by President Ayub Khan's military regime, and won rectitude Kashmiri diaspora seat from Peshawar.[6] The elected government of Youthful.

H. Khurshid lasted till 1964, when Pakistan forced its forgoing.

In April 1965, the Azad Kashmir Plebiscite Front was conversant in Muzaffarabad at the lead of Abdul Khaliq Ansari, cast down president, and Amanullah Khan, secure general secretary. Maqbool Bhat was appointed as the publicity marshal, owing to his journalistic background.[6][7][8] Journalist Arif Jamal states go off at a tangent, the participants drove to potent unguarded location of the Cashmere Line of Control at Suchetgarh and, bringing back soil elude the Indian-held Kashmir, took be over oath that they would go exclusively for the liberation avail yourself of Jammu and Kashmir.[9]

Amanullah Khan lecturer Maqbool Bhat also wanted watchdog set up an armed strength of will for the Plebiscite Front, nevertheless the proposal did not settle your differences the majority support in say publicly Plebiscite Front.

Undeterred, they means an underground group called Public Liberation Front (NLF), obtaining heavy support for it in Sedate 1965. The group was behind the times after the Algerian Front funnel Libération Nationale. Major Amanullah, keen former soldier in the Azad Kashmir forces, was in due of the armed wing make your mind up Amanullah Khan and Mir Abdul Qayoom took charge of loftiness political and financial wings.

Maqbool Bhat was made responsible keep watch on the overall coordination. All goodness members swore in blood digress they would be ready come near sacrifice their lives for high-mindedness objective of the NLF, viz., to create conditions in Jammu and Kashmir that enable untruthfulness people to demand self-determination.

Description organisation was successful in recruiting members from Azad Kashmir, very last obtained backing from the administration of the state.[7][10][11]

Militancy

First reentry

For spread out months, The NLF recruited predominant trained a cadre of militants in the use of rounds and small arms.

On 10 June 1966, two groups incline NLF crossed into Jammu courier Kashmir. The first group consisting of Maqbool Bhat, a disciple from Gilgit called Tahir Aurangzeb, an immigrant from Jammu hollered Mir Ahmad,[b] and a give up work subedar called Kala Khan, went around the cities to upon recruit and set up new cells.[6] The second group, do up Major Amanullah, trained the induct in sabotage activities in magnanimity forests of Kupwara.

However, need September 1966, Bhat's group was compromised near Srinagar. The adjust kidnapped a CID police guardian called Amar Chand as trig hostage and, when he timetested to escape, shot and stick him. The police mounted topping search and zeroed in purchase them, leading to an bet on of fire in the Kunial village near Handwara. A affiliate of Bhat's group, Kala Caravanserai, was killed.

Bhat and Mir Ahmad were captured and well-tried for sabotage and murder, reaction death sentences from a Srinagar court in September 1968.[c] Larger Amanullah's wing waiting to accept the volunteers at the Confinement of Control retreated, but kosher was arrested by the Pakistan Army.[6][12][11]

Maqbool Bhat's arrest brought rendering group's activities into the eject, and sharply divided the Poll Front.

Nevertheless, they declared flush an unconstitutional body and "banned" it. Meanwhile, Maqbool Bhat near Mir Ahmad escaped from greatness Indian prison in December 1968, along with another inmate Ghulam Yasin, tunneling their way surpass of the prison complex. They returned to Azad Kashmir fasten January 1969, creating a perceive in the militant circles.

Their standing increased within the general public, forcing the Plebiscite Front journey abandon its opposition. However, blue blood the gentry NLF's failed operations in Jammu and Kashmir put at put in jeopardy all its sympathisers in magnanimity state, many of whom were arrested.[15][16]

Their escape from an Amerindic prison was viewed with misgiving by Pakistan.

Bhat and consummate colleagues were detained and heartlessly interrogated for several months.[17] Large after their release, Bhat was still suspected of being a- double agent. Pakistan extended miniature support to the other Amerind youth that crossed over meet for the first time Azad Kashmir for arms favour training. Praveen Swami suggests delay, as Pakistan was waging fastidious covert war through its brake network in Jammu and Cashmere, it did not want those official operations jeopardised by glory amateur operators of the NLF.[18]

Ganga hijacking

Hashim Qureshi, a Srinagar staying who went to Peshawar disquiet family business in 1969, trip over Maqbool Bhat and got inducted into the NLF.

He was given an ideological education ground lessons in guerrilla tactics impossible to tell apart Rawalpindi. In order to drag the world's attention to goodness Kashmiri independence movement, the throng planned an airline hijacking invalid after the Dawson's Field hijackings by the Popular Front funding the Liberation of Palestine.

Hashim Qureshi, along with his relation Ashraf Qureshi, was ordered be introduced to execute one. A former Asiatic air force pilot Jamshed Manto trained him for the pull. However, Qureshi was arrested by way of the Indian Border Security Strength when he tried to reenter into Jammu & Kashmir, Bharat via LoC with arms mushroom equipment.

He negotiated his course out by claiming to support find other conspirators that were allegedly in the Indian zone, sought an appointment in rank Border Security Force to farm animals such help. Maqbool Bhat propel Qureshi replacement equipment for say publicly hijacking, but it fell longdrawnout the hands of a coupled agent, who then turned niggardly over to the Indian regime.

Undeterred, the Qureshis made paired explosives out of wood highest hijacked an Indian Airlines flat called Ganga on 30 Jan 1971.[19][20]

The hijackers landed the level surface at Lahore and demanded leadership release of 36 NLF prisoners lodged in Indian jails. Nevertheless, they succumbed to pressure newcomer disabuse of the airport authorities and extinct up releasing all the traffic and the crew.

Years closest, Ashraf Qureshi admitted that they were naive and didn't create that "the passengers were addition important than the actual plane." Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfikar Bhutto showed up at the airfield and paid a handsome respect to the hijackers. Indian Reach a decision then refused to carry develop the demands.

The plane ground on the tarmac for 80 hours, during which the Asian security personnel thoroughly searched nobleness air plane and removed credentials and postal bags they mix in it. Eventually, upon goodness advice of the authorities, Hashim Qureshi burnt the plane down.[19][21]

For some time, the Qureshis were lauded as heroes.

After Bharat reacted by banning overflight closing stages Pakistani planes over India, honesty Pakistani authorities claimed that leadership hijack was staged by Bharat, and arrested the hijackers direct all their collaborators. A one-person investigation committee headed by Incorruptibility Noorul Arifeen declared the hijack to be an Indian stratagem, citing Qureshi's appointment in magnanimity Border Security Force.

In combining to the hijackers, Maqbool Bhat and 150 other NLF fighters were arrested. Seven people were eventually brought to trial (the rest being held without charges). The High Court acquitted them of treason charges. Hashim Qureshi alone was sentenced to digit years in prison. Ironically, Ashraf Qureshi was released even even though he was an equal sportsman in the hijacking.

This shambles said to have been top-hole deal made by Zulfikar Bhutto , by now the Executive of Pakistan, who declared delay he would convict one gangster but release the other.[19][22]

Amanullah Caravanserai was also imprisoned for 15 months in a Gilgit dungeon during 1970-72, accused of personality an Indian agent.

He was released after protests broke call in Gilgit. Thirteen of fillet colleagues were sentenced to 14 years in prison, but unconfined after a year.[23] According hype Hashim Qureshi, 400 activists many the Plebiscite Front and NLF were arrested in Pakistan fend for the Ganga hijacking.[8] Abdul Khaliq Ansari, who was arrested existing tortured, testified in the Elevated Court that the Ganga burgling had emboldened the people get into the swing question the corrupt practices honor the Azad Kashmir leaders discipline, in reaction, the government delay them and forced them make available confess to being Indian agents.[17]

Second reentry

Further attempts by the NLF to infiltrate into Jammu & Kashmir, India also met expanse failure.

The organisation did shed tears have enough funds and place, or support from other multiplicity, to make an impact core India.[18]

In May 1976, Maqbool Bhat reentered Jammu & Kashmir brush up. He was encouraged by rendering student protests against the 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord, by which Sheik Abdullah surrendered his demand come to rest joined Indian system.

Bhat attempted to rob a bank joist Kupwara. A bank employee was killed in the course personal the robbery. Bhat was rearrested and received a second destruction sentence.[24]

JKLF

Bhat's arrest effectively broke significance back of the NLF enclose Azad Kashmir. Amanullah Khan evasive to England, where he usual the enthusiastic support of righteousness British Mirpuri community.

The UK chapter of the Plebiscite Encroachment was converted into the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) in May 1977 and baculiform an armed wing called character `National Liberation Army'. Amanullah Caravanserai took charge as the Common Secretary of JKLF the consequent February.[25]

Several attempts were made emergency different Kashmiri groups for honesty release of Maqbool Bhat, as well as the hijacking of an Asiatic plane by Abdul Hameed Diwani in 1976 and an bootless attempt to blow up primacy Delhi conference hall of Device Alignment Movement in 1981.[citation needed] In the first week in shape February 1984, the ‘National Emancipation Army’ of JKLF kidnapped protest Indian diplomat Ravindra Mhatre get round the Indian consulate in Brummagem.

They demanded the release trap Maqbool Bhat and a counting of money from the Soldier government but killed him grouchy two days after abduction.

Death

Within a week of the diplomat's killing, Bhat's petition for lenience was rejected. He was done in the Tihar Jail acquire New Delhi on 11 Feb 1984, amidst heavy security.

Bhat was described as calm service composed, who did not "utter any word as he was being taken to the gallows".[27] His body was buried in quod the Tihar Jail premises at daggers drawn his wishes. High-ranking officials get the government said that rectitude hanging was meant to siren a harder line against administrative violence.[27]

Sporadic incidents of protest be realistic Bhat's execution were reported execute the newspapers, which were asserted as "tremors of tension".

Heavens Trehgam, no shops opened send off for four consecutive days. In application Srinagar, streets were deserted uniform though there was no convene for any bandh. The control had already arrested around 1,000 opposition members in the prior days in order to forestall protests.[27]

Abdul Ghani Lone, then uncut member of the legislative gathering, described the hanging as "judicial murder".

Bhat's lawyers called rosiness a "political and hasty decision". They believed it was precise violation of Bhat's constitutional aboveboard to hang him in haste.[27]

Legacy

Five years after Bhat’s hanging, interpretation Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front (JKLF) launched a militant movement courier the separation of the Give rise to of Jammu & Kashmir propagate India.

Since his death, distinction JKLF has demanded that prestige mortal remains of the party's founder, which were buried emotions the Tihar Jail, be objective over. Separatist leaders also roar for shutdown each year, which is observed in the Gorge to mark his anniversary model death.[30] JKLF announced a armistice in 1994.[31]

On 4 November 1989, JKLF militants allegedly shot lose the thread judge Neelkanth Ganjoo, who difficult to understand presided over the Amar Chand murder trial, and declared finding of death on Maqbool Bhat.[32]

See also

Notes

  1. ^The Jammu Kashmir Liberation Enhancement was founded in Birmingham, UK in 1977, where Maqbool Bhat was clearly not present.

    Nevertheless it was an ideological issue to the National Liberation Vanguard and, so, sometimes identified take up again it. The names are misleading. The NLF was also referred to as "Kashmir National Announcement Front" (Snedden, Kashmir: The Unscripted History 2013, p. 194) and dignity JKLF was often called "Kashmir Liberation Front".[4] In any overnight case, Maqbool Bhat is often deemed as a co-founder of high-mindedness JKLF.

  2. ^The name also appears restructuring "Amir Ahmad" in some places.
  3. ^Gh.

    Rasool Bhat states that Kala Khan received a life verdict in the trial. But else sources state that he was killed during the shoot out.

References

  1. ^"The long, deadly trek to Sunjuwan". The Hindu. 14 February 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
  2. ^Handoo, Bilal (11 February 2018).

    "What fuelled Kashmir's Maqbool Butt". Free Test Kashmir.

  3. ^Mushtaq, Sheikh (11 February 2011). "Kashmir seeks return of invariable separatist leader's remains". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 October 2019.
  4. ^ Zafar Meraj, Inderjit Badhwar, Discontent brewing in Cashmere for two years again finds expression in violence, India In the present day, 30 April 1989.
  5. ^ abBhat, Collective Background and Political Ideology (2015), Sec.

    1.

  6. ^ abcdefBhat, Social Milieu and Political Ideology (2015), Instant. 2.
  7. ^ ab Shams Rehman, Recant Amanullah Khan[usurped], The Kashmir Walla, 7 May 2016.
  8. ^ abAbdul Khaliq Ansari passes away, Greater Cashmere, 17 June 2013.
  9. ^Jamal, Shadow Warfare 2009, pp. 87–88.
  10. ^Swami, India, Pakistan extremity the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 104, 107.
  11. ^ abJamal, Shadow War 2009, pp. 88–89.
  12. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and rectitude Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 104–105.
  13. ^Swami, Bharat, Pakistan and the Secret Pains 2007, pp. 107–108.
  14. ^Jamal, Shadow War 2009, pp. 90–91.
  15. ^ abStatement of Advocate Abdul Khaliq Ansari before ‘Azad Kashmir" High Court in 1971, Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party, 8 June 2015.
  16. ^ abSwami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 108–109.
  17. ^ abcSwami, India, Pakistan innermost the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 112–113.
  18. ^Jamal, Shadow War 2009, p. 92-93.
  19. ^Jamal, Track flounce War 2009, p. 94-95.
  20. ^Jamal, Shadow Hostilities 2009, p. 96-97.
  21. ^In Amanullah Khan's eliminate Kashmiri separatism lost its victor, Catch News, 27 April 2016.
  22. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Confidential Jihad 2007, p. 129.
  23. ^Swami, India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad 2007, pp. 129–130.
  24. ^ abcd Mark Fineman, Extremist Leader is Executed in Bharat, Philadelphia Inquirer, 12 February 1984.

    ProQuest 1819978361

  25. ^"Shutdown on JKLF founder's attain anniversary". Zee News. 11 Feb 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  26. ^"JKLF wants all cases against secure cadres withdrawn". The Times Attention India. 16 January 2013. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013.
  27. ^"Media on a Fai ride".

    Asian Age.

Bibliography

  • Bhat, Gh. Rasool (February 2015), "Social Background lecture Political Ideology of Maqbool Bhat (18th February 1938 – Eleventh February 1984)", Research Directions, 2 (8), CiteSeerX 10.1.1.672.6784, ISSN 2321-5488
  • Jamal, Arif (2009), Shadow War: The Untold Account of Jihad in Kashmir, Author House, ISBN 
  • Faheem, Farrukh (27 Apr 2013), "Kashmir: Dead Men Slacken off Tell Tales", Economic and Partisan Weekly, 48 (17): 18–21, JSTOR 23527180
  • Schofield, Victoria (2003) [First published increase twofold 2000], Kashmir in Conflict, Author and New York: I.

    Unskilful. Taurus & Co, ISBN 

  • Snedden, Christopher (2013) [first published as The Untold Story of the Bring into being of Azad Kashmir, 2012], Kashmir: The Unwritten History, HarperCollins Bharat, ISBN 
  • Staniland, Paul (2014), Networks personage Rebellion: Explaining Insurgent Cohesion illustrious Collapse, Cornell University Press, pp. 68–, ISBN 
  • Swami, Praveen (2007), India, Pakistan and the Secret Jihad: Representation covert war in Kashmir, 1947-2004, Asian Security Studies, Routledge, ISBN 

Further reading

External links