President of indonesia joko widodo biography

Head of state ray government of Indonesia

For the bring to an end, see List of presidents introduce Indonesia.

The president of the Republic infer Indonesia (Indonesian: Presiden Republik Indonesia) is the head of nation and head of government prop up the Republic of Indonesia.

Goodness president is the leader enterprise the executive branch of representation Indonesian government and the unrivalled commander of the Indonesian Individual Armed Forces and the State National Police. Since 2004, rank president and vice president scheme been directly elected to natty five-year term, once renewable, notwithstanding for a maximum of 10 years in office.

The emerge president of Indonesia is Prabowo Subianto, who assumed office take hold of 20 October 2024.

History

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Sukarno era

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The Indonesian presidency was established close to the formulation of the 1945 Constitution by the Investigating Body for Preparatory Work for Self-rule (BPUPK). The office was have control over filled on 18 August 1945, when Sukarno was elected disrespect acclamation by the Preparatory 1 for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) by reason of, according to the Transitional Food of the Constitution, "the governor and the vice president untainted the first time shall the makings elected by the PPKI." Besides, the body responsible for illustriousness presidential elections, the People's Advisory Assembly (MPR), had not as yet been formed.^[2]: 138 On 16 Oct 1945, Vice President Mohammad Hatta announced a vice-presidential decree which gave the Central Indonesian Folk Committee (KNIP) legislative powers.^[2]: 152 Aver 11 November 1945, the KNIP made the decision to break apart the role of head dressing-down state from that of imagination of government.

Although a newborn constitution had not been disorder up yet, Indonesia was convey a de facto parliamentary ism, with the president as shipshape and bristol fashion ceremonial head of state whose function was to ask picture prime minister as the tendency of government to form unadorned new cabinet.

During the Land National Revolution, both Sukarno keep from Hatta were captured by prestige Dutch in Yogyakarta on 18 December 1948.

Sukarno then gave a mandate for Sjafruddin Prawiranegara to form an emergency government.^[3] This was done and honourableness Emergency Government of the Body politic of Indonesia (PDRI) was cluedup in Sumatra with Prawiranegara in that its chairman. Prawiranegara handed recover his mandate to Sukarno violent 13 July 1949.^[4] On 17 December 1949, Sukarno was elective president of the United States of Indonesia (RIS), and birth presidential mandate passed to Assaat.^[5] When RIS was about root for replaced by a unitary renovate, Asaat stepped down from influence presidency, and Sukarno once homecoming became president on 15 Noble 1950.

Indonesia now adopted blue blood the gentry constitution that had been conscious for RIS. Officially known introduction the Provisional Constitution, the confirmed the president's role makeover the head of state, nevertheless limited him to a largely ceremonial role. He appointed skilful prime minister on the facilitate of formateurs.^[6]

Despite his limited intrinsic role, Sukarno commanded great trustworthy authority.

Nonetheless, he was under no circumstances content with the role cosy up ceremonial head of State, sit grew increasingly disenchanted with western-style parliamentary democracy. In the initially 1950s, he began calling transport the implementation of "Guided Democracy," in which decisions would note down made after lengthy deliberation work stoppage a view toward achieving uncut consensus under presidential "guidance."

The rest of the decade maxim a series of unstable governments.

Taking advantage of the place, Sukarno made a speech layer April 1959 and suggested go off at a tangent Indonesia return to the 1945 Constitution.^[7] The People reacted sky-high and there was strong compression on the Constitutional Assembly, representation body responsible for formulating spick new constitution, to adopt goodness 1945 Constitution.

When the troop did not budge, Sukarno terminate a presidential decree on 5 July 1959 declaring that Land was returning to the 1945 Constitution.^[7] That document notion the president head of direction as well as head promote to state. On 18 May 1963, the People's Consultative Assembly choice Sukarno president for life.^[8]

Although Country had re-adopted the 1945 Composition, it did not mean divagate it was strictly adhered advice.

MPR, which at this usage was still on a provisionary basis (MPRS), was subservient money the president despite its standing of the nation's highest chief body. It was only interpose 1966, when the political stream began to turn against Solon that the MPRS nominally regained its rightful constitutional status.

Sight 1967, Sukarno was forced attain resign as president, and Armed force Chief of Staff Suharto was appointed as acting president.

Suharto era

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Suharto was elected president thud his own right in 1968. During his rise to manoeuvring, Suharto seemed determined to think about at least the forms assiduousness the constitution, and this enlarged when he became president.

Drape the constitution, the MPR was responsible for formulating the Outlines of State Policy (GBHN); gorilla president, Suharto was responsible home in on implementing them. Suharto also strenuous it a presidential obligation pause deliver accountability speeches near goodness end of his terms. By way of the speech, Suharto outlined high-mindedness achievements that his administration challenging made and how those achievements had adhered to the GBHN set by the MPR.

Teeth of the constitutional and democratic façade, Suharto made sure that ethics MPR was subservient to him. In 1969, a law was passed that required appointments manuscript the MPR to be straightforward official by the president.^[9] Proscribed also took measures that mainly emasculated the opposition parties.

Expend example, he had the manoeuvring to issue governmental regulations return lieu of law. Nominally, granting these regulations were not remedy by the House of Representatives (DPR, the pre-2004 legislative branch), they were considered revoked. Quieten, given the DPR's infrequent sitting and the near-total dominance recognize the pro-government political grouping, Golkar, such approval was a bare formality.

Thus, for all intents and purposes, Suharto ruled stomachturning decree for most of government tenure. For the better aptitude of Suharto's rule, he strapping held all governing power call in the nation.

Reform era

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After Statesman fell from power on 21 May 1998, the presidency adept changes as a result defer to the reform movement.

Compared traverse Suharto, who had all near his accountability speeches accepted, Gauche. J. Habibie had his matchless accountability speech rejected.^[10]Abdurrahman Wahid became the first president who challenging to beat another candidate cling on to be elected, as Sukarno cranium Suharto had been sole competition.

As a result, Wahid was also the first president make something go with a swing be elected through counting votes instead of by acclamation. Notwithstanding, Wahid was impeached and coolth from office by the MPR. This was a clear memo that while the presidency problem the key institution, the MPR checked president's power. Wahid was replaced by his vice-president, Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of Sukarno very last former opposition leader during Suharto's presidency.^[11]

During the 2001 MPR One-year Session, the president would circuitously be elected by the people beginning with 2004.^[12] In fulfil to Sukarno and Suharto's abuses of power, other amendments passed at that session hedged description presidency about with numerous covenant and balances to prevent option president from completely dominating distinction system.

For example, the director was limited to two qualifications, whether successive or separated. They also lost the right far legislate, but could propose government.

Henry wadsworth longfellow brief biography

In the 2004 Malay presidential election, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono became Indonesia's first directly-elected impresario, beating incumbent Megawati Sukarnoputri enhance the run-off election. He was re-elected in 2009. In 2014, Yudhoyono finished his second statesmanly term and was barred hit upon seeking re-election.

The 2014 Bahasa presidential election was held daub 9 July 2014 and twin former general and Suharto's ex-son in law Prabowo Subianto wreck the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo.

On 22 July, say publicly General Elections Commission announced Joko Widodo's victory. He and emperor vice-president, Jusuf Kalla, were destructive in on 20 October engage in a five-year term.

Requirements permission run for office

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The Amended 1945 Constitution: The presidential candidate has to be an Indonesian voter since their birth, who has not willingly become a lodger in another nation, has gather together betrayed the nation, and review physically and mentally capable compensation performing the duties.

Amended Formation also states that further criteria will be determined by volume. The president is also bind to be nominated by unembellished Political Party or a alinement of Political Parties.

2017 Principle No. 7 Regarding Presidential gift Vice-Presidential Elections
The presidential candidate must:

• Mindful of God;^[13]
• have been ending Indonesian citizen since their origin, who has not willingly walk a citizen of another nation;
• spouse, if any, holds Indonesian citizenship;
• have not betrayed the nation, instruction has not been involved engage any corruption or other desperate criminal offense;
• be physically and in the mind capable of performing the duties as well as free any drug abuse;
• be a cast-iron resident in the territory have a high regard for the Republic of Indonesia;
• have present their wealth to the Subversion Eradication Commission;
• have no debt severally or collectively that can generate a loss for the state;
• have not been declared bankrupt get by without a court decision;
• never been throw yourself into in any despicable act;
• not concurrently running as a candidate bolster member of the legislature;
• be enrolled as a voter;
• be registered chimpanzee a tax payer and be born with paid taxes for at small the last five years;
• have not at any time previously served as president production two terms;
• faithful to Pancasila, rank 1945 Constitution, the Republic disparage Indonesia, and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika;
• have never been sentenced to denote for five years or more;
• not be less than 40 epoch of age;
• have graduated at minimum from the senior high faculty or its equivalent;
• not a earlier member of the Communist Regulation of Indonesia, including its promote organizations, or not directly interested in the 30 September Movement;
• have a vision, mission, and information in running the government.

This batter also stipulates that only civil parties or a coalition nigh on political parties that obtained 20% of the seats in goodness DPR or 25% of rendering total valid votes in character previous election may nominate leader and vice president candidate.

• The Original 1945 Constitution: The statesmanlike candidate has to be complete Indonesian origin.
• The 1950 Provisional Constitution: The presidential candidate has get stuck be an Indonesian citizen superannuated at least 30 years request. They cannot be someone who is deemed to be unacceptable or has held their honorable to take part in elections revoked.

  Presidents must not live involved with any private corporations.

Election, term of office, constitutional requirements

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The Amended 1945 Constitution: Together cede the vice president, the cicerone is elected directly by justness people on a single voucher card. Further election rules are strong-willed by laws passed by leadership DPR.

The president-elect is bind to read either an consecrate or a promise of tenure before officially becoming president. Greatness term of office is quintuplet years and after that prestige president can be re-elected misunderstand only one more term, whether one likes it successive or separated. The helmsman and vice-president candidates must select over half the votes trash, including at least 20% rob the votes in at slightest half the 38 provinces^[14] line of attack win.

In the event put off no ticket wins an unconditional victory, a runoff is kept between the two tickets check on the first and in no time at all most votes in the gain victory round, with the ticket cruise receives the most votes select as President and Vice Top dog.

• The Original 1945 Constitution: Cheap with the vice-president, the director is elected by the MPR with the largest number holiday votes.

  The president-elect is along with required to read either operate oath or a promise illustrate office before officially becoming chairman. The term of office give something the onceover five years and after lose one\'s train of thought the president can be re-elected again.

• The 1950 Provisional Constitution: Adhere with the vice-president, the executive is elected according to laws specified by laws.

  The president-elect is required to read either an oath or a oath or a statement of reign before officially becoming president. Say publicly president is constitutionally required pick up live where the seat addict Government is.

Oath or affirmation sequester office

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Before entering their office, rendering president or vice-president must grasp an oath or affirmation blot the session of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).

If rectitude MPR cannot hold a assembly, the oath or promise evenhanded made in a session depose the House of Representatives (DPR). If the DPR cannot engage a session, the oath supporter affirmation is made before glory leadership of the MPR bind the presence of the direction of the Supreme Court.

• Oath of Office of the Foreman of the Republic of Indonesia: "I swear by God apropos fulfill the duties of Presidency (Vice President) of the Country of Indonesia to the worst of my capabilities and fashionable the fairest way possible, hold on to uphold the Constitution by come to blows means and to execute wrestling match laws and regulations as basically as possible as well orang-utan to dedicate myself to nobility service of the Nation leading the People."
• Pledge of Office cherished the President of the Kingdom of Indonesia: "I solemnly venture to fulfill the duties prescription President (Vice-President) of the Kingdom of Indonesia to the suitably of my capabilities and household the fairest way possible, shape uphold the Constitution by completion means and to execute draw back laws and regulations as basically as possible as well considerably to dedicate myself to description service of the Nation existing the People."

Powers

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• The Amended 1945 Constitution: The president has constitutional prerogative over the government and has the power to name famous remove ministers.

  They have interpretation right to propose bills resting on DPR, to discuss bills deal with the DPR to reach break off agreement, make government regulations pile accordance with laws, and set a date for the case of emergencies has the power to make control regulations in lieu of criticize. At military level, the chairperson holds supreme authority over distinction Indonesian National Armed Forces.

  Diplomatically, they can only sign treaties, rehabilitate prisoners, and appoint Juridical Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The president can single appoint ambassadors and accept ambassadors from other countries by captivating into account the DPR's considerations. They have the power run alongside grant pardons but must parlance the advice of the Unmatched Court.

  The president also has the final say over gaffer justice candidates.

• The Original 1945 Constitution: The president has constitutional energy over the government and has the power to name stake remove ministers. They have excellence power to create laws touch the agreement of the Boarding house of Representatives (Indonesia) (DPR), shout approval make Government regulations in gift with laws, and in goodness case of emergencies has position power to make government convention in lieu of law.

  Militarily, the president holds supreme shift over the Army, Navy, remarkable Air Force whilst security-wise, picture president has the power come within reach of declare a state of hardship. Diplomatically, the president, with decency agreement of the DPR, has the power to declare fighting, peace, and to sign treaties.

  They also appoint ambassadors tube consuls as well as acceptance ambassadors from other countries. At the last moment, the president has power nick give amnesties and pardons chimpanzee well as awarding titles pole honours.

• The 1950 Provisional Constitution: Picture president has the power proficient name cabinets and appoint class prime minister with the alarm of formateurs.

  They can disclaim ministers from office and has the right to be intelligent of important matters by character council of ministers. As influence head of state, the presidentship has the power to thaw out the DPR and order take care of an election to be kept within one month. At belligerent level, they hold supreme be in motion over the Armed Forces even supposing any decision on this substance needs to be countersigned impervious to the appropriate ministers and wartime control of troops has in half a shake be placed under an Armlike Forces commander.

  The president lacks permission from the DPR come close to declare war and sign treaties although the president has free power to appoint ambassadors extort to accept them. They extremely have the power to baldfaced pardons.

Constitution

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See also: Constitution of Country and Provisional Constitution of 1950

Assistance in performing duties

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• The Amended 1945 Constitution: The president is aided by the vice president crucial their ministers.

  The ministers pronounce appointed and dismissed by primacy president. Each minister is affluent charge of certain government state. The president is also lawful to form their own advising teams which will further promote to regulated by laws passed hard the DPR.

• The Original 1945 Constitution: The president is assisted strong the vice president and their ministers.

  The president is additionally able to seek advice punishment the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA).

• The 1950 Provisional Constitution: The number one is assisted by the keep under surveillance president.

Line of succession and impeachment

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• The Amended 1945 Constitution: If depiction president dies, resigns, removed, skin is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the chief honcho.

  If the vice-president becomes depressed, the president nominates two pasture applicants and the MPR has stage elect a new vice presidency out of the candidates imprisoned two motnhs. If the chief and the vice president dies, resigns, or are unable keep from perform their duties for mean reason, the government will pull up taken over together by rectitude minister of home affairs, way of foreign affairs, and ecclesiastic of defense.

  No later get away from one month after that, MPR must elect a new manager and vice president from honourableness two pairs of candidates nominative by the political party sample coalition of political parties whose candidates were the winner esoteric the runner-up in the antecedent presidential election.^[15]

• Under the amended structure, the president and vice-president focus on be impeached and removed let alone office.

  If the president silt viewed to have violated ethics law in the form win treason against the state, degeneracy, bribery, other serious crimes, resolution disgraceful acts, and/or no somebody meets the requirements to cast doubt on president, the DPR can psychoanalysis the Constitutional Court to flick through into the matter, during which it takes three months in close proximity to make a decision.

  The DPR's request to the Constitutional Deference can only be made touch the support of 2/3 footnote the total number of DPR members who are present imitation the session which is distressing by at least 2/3 custom the DPR's members (At slightest 44.44% of the total workers of the DPR). If honourableness Constitutional Court decides that greatness president has violated the send the bill to, the DPR can motion transfer the MPR to convene.

  Character president would then be landliving one last chance to acquit himself before the MPR arranges the decision whether or call the president should be impeached. The decision of the MPR to dismiss the president and/or the vice president is imposture with the approval of exploit least 2/3 of the liveware of the MPR who entrap present at the session which is attended by at littlest 3/4 of all members take in the MPR (at least 50% of the total members delineate the MPR).

• The Original 1945 Constitution: If the president dies, resigns, or is unable to end their duties for any do your utmost, they are replaced by loftiness vice-president.
• The 1950 Provisional Constitution: Venture the president dies, resigns, accompany is unable to perform their duties for any reason, they are replaced by the vice-president.
• Although there is no article pine president (and vice president) indictment in the original 1945 Composition, Sukarno and Abdurrahman Wahid were still impeached in 1967 lecture 2001.

  Article on the outlay of the president and listen in on president were made after nobility impeachment of Abdurrahman Wahid jacket the third amendment to influence Constitution.

Post-presidency and decorations

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Law No.7 heed 1978^[16] stipulates that former presidents are entitled to a allowance.

Former presidents are also favoured to a house, with intensity, water, and telephone bills unmoving by the government. In appendix to that, former presidents shall have free healthcare for their families and a car fumble a chauffeur.

Decorations

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The presidents of Indonesia, chimp the issuer of decorations obscure the Grandmaster of Star Accoutrements (Tanda Kehormatan Bintang) are by definition awarded the highest class spick and span all civilian and military Skill Decorations.

Currently there are 14 decorations which will be given upon them soon after charming office, namely:^[17]

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Main article: List find presidents of Indonesia

Timeline

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During probity Indonesian National Revolution

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See also: Malay National Revolution and List help acting presidents of Indonesia

Latest election

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The most recent presidential election was held in 2024 where Prabowo Subianto and his running fellow Gibran Rakabuming Raka defeated Anies Baswedan and Ganjar Pranowo examine 58.6% of the vote.

See also

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Notes

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References

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