Tsaousakis biography sample

7484 MADE Shoulder GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Not a success 17 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE 1 Sentiment, Thought, and Identity in Greek Laiko Music (1945–1967) Leonidas Economou Loftiness history of Greek popular punishment after 1945 is virtually hidden territory for scholarly research, deliver has often been heavily truthful by researchers of rebetiko.

Decency myth of rebetiko functioned style a mechanism of social prestige and exclusion, which devalued get bigger of the musical forms take precedence practices that coexisted with extinct, or appeared following its reputed disappearance at the beginning late the 1950s (Economou 2005). Raving will try to correct that picture and to map that unexplored territory for the span 1945 to 1967.

I inclination begin with a discussion walk up to the emergence of laiko traghoudi (popular song), the new type of bouzouki music which succeeded rebetiko.1 Most researchers posit greatness beginning of laiko in significance mid-1950s following the periodization hostilities rebetologists. This perspective contradicts authority contemporary discourse of musicians forward critics as well as additional historical evidence showing that integrity transformation of rebetiko into laiko took place during the Forties (Michael 1996).

I will commence my narrative at the bring to a close of the war in 1945 and I will examine rendering different styles of laiko desert developed up until 1967, like that which the establishment of the cruelty marked the beginning of a-ok new historical period. The laiko genre is a broad opinion complex category that should party be conceived of in conditions of certain essentialist characteristics, however rather as a kind recompense scene, which is defined, distinguished and transformed in terms devotee changing social practices, spaces, direct representations.

The deciphering of harmonious tendencies and styles cannot remark solely based on aesthetic considerations, but needs to take walkout account the contextualization, reception, shaft use of the songs hostage different social milieus. Musicians tell off listeners participate in the general and cultural dynamic of their time, and they negotiate make out subtle but discernible ways their position in respect to integrity major social issues and conflicts of their time (Stokes 1997, 2010; Lohman 2010).

I determination try to describe and grasp the major subdivisions of nobility laiko scene by taking disruption account all the different aspects of musical performances, and optional extra the major aesthetic, political, add-on cultural issues that were byzantine in the experience of penalization. In this way, I desire to shed some light bawl only on the persons, nobility works, and the events get on to laiko music, but also demonstrate their complex associations with isolated social sentiments and identities.

Deft Short Introduction to the Postwar Years (1945–1967) Greek society emerged deeply scarred from the battle period. The harsh occupation (1941–1944), the strong resistance movement, prestige brutal reprisals of the conquerors, and the atrocious civil contention that followed (1947–1949) had caused immense catastrophe and pain. Person losses reached 7 to 8 percent of the population, distinction economy was ruined, and zillions of people had 17 Premier PROOFS NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE IN GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 18 18 • Leonidas Economou experienced violence, fright, and death.

The civil contest in particular had devastating thing not only upon human lives and material resources, but very upon the fabric of group life, which was heavily disrupted and blighted. After the bloodshed, the ruling elites and rank protective power established an irksome regime of “limited democracy”, which aimed, on the one plam, at the control of integrity population, and on the carefulness, at the realization of reforms that would lead to class development of the market reduction.

A configuration of power structures and institutional mechanisms repressed, uninvited, or persecuted the enemies symbolize the regime, and intervened have doubts about times of crisis. The cut began to grow quickly bring forth the early 1950s. The production rate of the Greek conservatism between 1950 and 1961 reached 5.5 percent and was single of the biggest in character world.

The distribution of spanking income, however, was very unmatched. The new economic elites, who were heavily dependent on affirm favors, and some social pointer professional groups began to aid from growth. At the be the same as time there was major dismissal and underemployment, and the lion's share of the lower and order classes struggled to survive.

That provoked the greatest immigration belief in recent Greek history, primate between 1955 and 1970 go on than 900.000 people moved extort other countries for economic reasoning. The first post-civil war ripen (1950–1955) emerge from many characterizations as a bleak period. Rectitude signs of devastation were yet visible in the social setting, and a diffuse melancholy general through the country.

An ozone of hatred, fear, and scepticism permeated public life, policing cosmopolitan society and impelling people brand retire into themselves. At depiction same time, however, a system of rapid urbanization and reconstruction changed the face of magnanimity country. A generalized desire funding economic progress and improvement, conjugate with an eagerness for take steps work and thrift, a despite for rural and traditional meaning and values, and an keen embracing of many aspects be frightened of modernity contributed to the evolution of the economy and at the bottom of the sea in motion powerful processes pay social and cultural change.

Ethics accumulated disaffection and distress trouble the oppressive political and cheap regime was actively expressed circumvent the late 1950s, and preparation created a strong and mixed political and cultural movement, tender political democratization, economic equity, build up cultural renewal. The government pale the center, which was triumphantly elected on this agenda mud 1964, was overturned by nobleness king and the deep put down.

The political instability and battle that inevitably followed led ultimately to the dictatorship of primacy Colonels (April 1967 to July 1974). At the same previous the economy continued to expand quickly and the processes matching social and cultural modernization brisk. The middle classes expanded, beam larger sections of the denizens experienced economic improvement.

The plain of consumption increased, and original lifestyles became more widely disseminated. The traditional ideals of stock, community, gender, and love were more radically questioned, and extra individualistic practices became more regular and accepted. The Institutional Ambience of Popular Music The manufacture, distribution, and consumption of accepted music were shaped in spanking ways following the war.

Clean up cultural industry (situated almost mainly in Athens) was gradually begeted through the progressive modernization, action, and interconnection of record, portable radio, film, press, and entertainment industries and networks. The pre-existing make a notation of companies were consolidated during authority 1940s into two groups (Columbia -– His Master’s Voice paramount Odeon – Parlophone), which conversant as representatives of international closes and local 18 FIRST PROOFS NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 Imposture IN GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 19 Greek laiko melody (1945–1967) • 19 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE entrepreneurs of Greek music.

The put in writing firms developed and modernized (especially after the introduction of 45 rpm discs in 1959, which was followed by a gigantic increase in record sales) captain became the center of exceptional local musical star system. Primacy influence of state-controlled radio (established in 1938) increased considerably mass the war.

The radio path expanded, reaching every part decompose the country, and differentiated, attempting to address every section put the population. A number assault popular channels allotted considerable always to popular music (contributing prospect its becoming some sort divest yourself of national music) and played propose important role in its all-embracing development and evaluation.

From 1955, the record firms were arranged specific time slots to display their songs and artists, near created highly influential daily programs. Another important channel for righteousness promotion of popular music was the press, and especially, rendering very popular weekly magazines, which covered systematically the field past it popular music, and devoted diverse pages, and often their coverlets, to relevant news, interviews, carbons copy, and articles.

The revue transitory, which was one of honesty main sites of production snowball dissemination of popular music distort the interwar years, remained somewhat important, but it was superseded in popularity and influence induce cinema. A local film exertion, which was created during nobility 1950s and which thrived by means of the 1960s, managed to put an impressive number of movies and to attract a frightening number of film spectators.

Favourite music is related in profuse ways to the Greek motion pictures of the time. Most pictures included scenes of musical recreation and performances of popular songs by well-known artists, and they were an important medium financial assistance their dissemination. At the equal time it formed a novel scene of commercial musical play, comprising various kinds of tavernas and nightclubs, and various styles of music, commensality, and debauchery.

The musical nightclubs, which were the main sites for honesty performance of popular music unreceptive famous artists, multiplied, modernized their programs, and attracted large audiences. The Emergence of Laiko Theme agreement The elaphro (light) or evropaiko (European) song – Western-style ditty with Greek lyrics – was before the war the single genre of popular music end be accepted by the bring back and the middle classes.

Ethics genre virtually monopolized the place allotted to Greek popular song on the radio, in dignity revue theater, and in significance cinema, and it had neat as a pin broad audience among all public strata. Rebetiko, which became further popular in the 1930s between the refugees and the employed classes, was scorned and notorious by both the establishment come to rest the Communist Party, which alleged it as a corrupt with the addition of decadent product of the urbanised underworld and an undesirable remainder of the Ottoman period (Gauntlett 1991; Zaimakis 2010).

The upheavals of the war changed that musical landscape. Elaphro lost overmuch of its creative strength take up appeal, whereas rebetiko (which was transformed during this time get tangled laiko) produced some of prestige most emblematic popular songs look up to the period and became notice popular among wider social gentlefolk.

The ability of laiko agree express the turbulent times, tube the weakening of social near cultural barriers during the conflict, contributed to its wider remission and helped it acquire spick new enhanced social and ethnic status (Holst-Warhaft 2002b: 312). Vasilis Tsitsanis, Yiannis Papaioannou, Apostolos Kaldaras, and other important musicians who appeared on the musical spot in the late 1930s spreadsheet the 1940s are credited (by contemporary and subsequent commentators boss researchers) for detaching rebetiko escape the underworld of the manges 2 (which was its early point of reference) and evolution it into laiko: a broader kind of song expressing decency concerns and sensibilities of nobility people.

Tsitsanis had already back number 19 FIRST PROOFS NOT Use DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE IN Ellas Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 20 20 • Leonidas Economou genius in the late 1940s cart being the protagonist of that transformation, and he gladly be a success the credit for the “ennoblement” and the “Westernization” of bouzouki-style music (Gauntlett 1975/1976; Michael 1996).

From the early 1940s Tsitsanis used almost exclusively the designation laiko to designate his tune euphony and to advertise his transaction. In a 1951 interview why not? distanced himself from rebetiko, christened himself a “laiko composer”, settle down presented himself as a poser reformer of popular music, who eliminated the undesirable Eastern bit and gave it musical cranium poetic depth.

The ennoblement stare rebetiko required its renaming. Capricious to the word rebetiko, which still had strong negative connotations, the new term was motivated in folklore studies and public rhetoric, and gave to probity music of bouzouki a latest credibility and respectability. The musicians, the cultural industry, and distinction musical press adopted the additional term from the mid-1940s current distanced themselves rhetorically from rebetiko.

Friendly critics and commentators argued for the renaming of distinction music of bouzouki, or stimulated both terms combined or interchangeably. A similar evolution took point in the national press, current within a few years class term laiko had completely replaced rebetiko as a designation quandary the music of bouzouki. Prestige transformation and renaming of rebetiko was connected with broader see-saw in social ideology and kingdom policy concerning popular music (Gauntlett 1991; Tragaki 2005; Zaimakis 2010).

Compelled by new ideological indispensables during the civil war, wireless and other state institutions tranquil the total prohibition of bouzouki and laiko. At the be consistent with time, a number of successful intellectuals (associated with the philistine camp) began to question magnanimity rejection of rebetiko, and illustriousness whole edifice of musical mount artistic evaluation.

The composer Manos Chadzidakis, in his famous 1949 lecture, attacked both the affixing to an extinct past (represented by the idealization of established music) and what he axiom as the shallow imitation comment Western music (represented by elaphro). Rebetiko, on the other give out, was presented as a alteration of popular (laiko) music contingent with Byzantine chant and people music, and it was considered as the raw material get something done the construction of a optional extra authentic and pragmatic version exert a pull on popular music and national structure.

A similar change of musical is evident in the Not completed. The total rejection of rebetiko was moderated, due in assign to the great popularity leave undone the songs of Tsitsanis betwixt party members and friends, take a heated debate on rebetiko-laiko took place between 1945 with the addition of 1965 among left-wing intellectuals.

Excellence voices defending rebetiko-laiko multiplied, extract it was gradually recognized importation a musical style with profoundly traditional and popular (laiko) record and dispositions that could furnace the basis for the delivery of Greek popular music. Find guilty what follows I propose straighten up classification of the scene spot laiko, which takes into volume all aspects of musical compromise and performance, and examines charily the way the major laiko creators negotiated their stance to the turbulent and conflicting planet that surrounded them.

A back copy of issues – including righteousness political division between the philistine forces and the Left, position response to the trauma objection the civil war, the social orientation between the West distinguished the East, and the redefinition of the character of laiko under the new conditions second greater dissemination and commoditization – were important concerns for both the artists and the consultation, and constituted critical points approximately which musicians and listeners positioned themselves and created the dulcet styles of the time.

High-mindedness Tsitsanis Style Vasilis Tsitsanis (1917–1983) was born in Trikala. Neglect the fact that he finish high school, he became span professional musician and made sovereignty first record hits in nobility late 1930s. During the Decennium he composed and recorded excellent large number of hits put off established him as the lid 20 FIRST PROOFS NOT Tail DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE IN Ellas Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 21 Greek laiko music (1945–1967) • 21 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE laiko musician.

Tsitsanis created his own version conduct operations laiko, and invented a inexplicable way between the East mushroom the West, the Left pointer the Right, the acknowledgment viewpoint the silencing of the wounds of the recent past. Depiction common view that he wicked the dromoi 3 and wilful to the spread of flexible harmony is rather simplistic, favour obscures the variety of work and the continuities critical of the tradition of rebetiko (Pennanen 1997: 68).

In his put your feet up way Tsitsanis blended the customs of rebetiko with Western favoured music, avoiding both the courage innovations and the marked Westernisation ( introduced by composers adore Chiotis), and the influences go over the top with smyrneiko 4 and Middle Adapt music, which were becoming happening again.

Apart from his Western-style songs, Tsitsanis composed numerous songs with marked oriental features, with some grieving and Indian-style laika (Pennanen 1997: 70–71), visited enthralled performed in Istanbul, and aim Turkish songs in Turkish fall his nightclub performances. Tsitsanis managed to meander within the tensions of turbulent times and domestic strife, winning the sympathy (and perhaps the wrath) of label political factions.

He composed songs expressing sympathy for the Weigh up, and songs dedicated to righteousness fighters of the national armed force. More importantly, he composed thick-skinned of the most emblematic songs of the period, which verbalized in an allegorical language character ordeals of the civil contest and the plight of honesty people, and were sung stomachturning both sides of the war.

Tsitsanis rejected the attachment lowly the traumatic past and nobility discourse of pain (that prevailed in another part of laiko), and articulated a message lady patience, courage, and hope lose concentration could be read from both political perspectives. The composer troubled a leading role in decency ennoblement of rebetiko without wholly losing his references to say publicly popular strata and the area of the manges.

He executed in the first highclass nightclubs and adapted, to some amplitude, his performance style to blue blood the gentry new trends and audiences. Yes was the first to encompass women singers in his federate and he allowed the cantor Marika Ninou to perform stock-still (a daring innovation of illustriousness time), but, apart from that and a few other exceptions, he never abandoned the prearranged arrangement (according to which magnanimity whole group performs seated tinkle a small podium called palko), and resisted the transformation adherent performance into some kind accuse musical show.

He never deviated from the traditional threecourse bouzouki, he never wore a connect, and he continued to record songs for the manges, counting a number of hashish songs, which were detested by righteousness Left and adored by tiresome government supporters, and were evidence during a short and unaccountable break of censorship in 1946.

During the same period closure composed numerous exotic, dreamlike songs, expressing a desire to flee from the depressing reality stay at an idealized and sexualized Guiding light, as well as many hits that echoed the carefree have a word with optimistic mood of archontorebetiko. Distinction influence of Tsitsanis was unlimited, and his style prevailed leave to another time until the mid-1950s.

Many urgent composers of the time (Yiannis Papaioannou, Apostolos Kaldaras, Giorgos Mitsakis, Kostas Kaplanis) were influenced hard him or followed parallel trajectories, and they are viewed chimp co-founders of the 1940s laiko. Archontorebetiko and Manolis Chiotis Go over the same years it complex a different, more radical drift of ennoblement and modernization chastisement rebetiko-laiko, aiming at its sea change into a genre suitable provision the general public and honourableness middle classes.

One of interpretation most important expressions of that tendency was archontorebetiko (gentry part of a set posh rebetiko), a new category created in the musical performing arts in the late 1940s spell which remained popular up on hold the late 1950s (Tsambras 2005). Michalis Sogioul (one of grandeur most important composers of elaphro) gave into the insistent suggestions of Alekos 21 FIRST PROOFS NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 Notion IN GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 22 22 • King Economou Sakelarios (playwright, scriptwriter, executive, and lyricist) and composed unornamented song in rebetiko style be a successful 1947 play.

Rank song “To Tram to Telefteo” (The last tramway) was drawing instant success and initiated skilful new trend. Over the adjacent years, many important creators noise elaphro, as well as wearying laiko musicians, contributed to honesty genre. The melodies and rhythms of the songs were remindful of rebetiko-laiko, and the texts were written in the speech of the people, but they were performed by orchestras capable Western instruments and sung bid leading singers of elaphro.

About songs are in the caper rhythm of chasapiko, which survey more compatible with functional vocalizing (Pennanen 1997: 96), and pass comment a joyful and often over-salted mood. Over the following adulthood they were performed by sundry orchestras (including bouzouki), or harsh laiko groups. Their success was so great that some archontorebetika were included in the measure of laiko musicians and were recorded by leading laiko orchestras and singers (including Vasilis Tsitsanis, Giorgos Mitsakis, Marika Ninou, obtain Prodromos Tsaousakis).

Archontorebetiko emerged outsider a part of the traditional system associated with the national establishment, and expressed the resilient, forgetful, and acquiescent vision blond the winners. The aim surrounding the songs, according to Sakelarios, was to cheer up station infuse optimism into the troubled people of postwar Greece, favour to help them forget their traumatic memories.

Most archontorebetika were love songs and many represented scenes of revelry and facetiousness. The texts, which were certainly addressed to the working tutor, recognize their poverty, their firm life, and their problems, however adopted an attitude of tolerance, courage, and hope. The rambling social suffering and the federal turmoil were almost completely ineligible, and it articulated a establish of oblivion and return cheerfulness normality which was warmly established by large sections of dignity public.

The modernization and move up of rebetiko – beyond probity limits set by Tsitsanis – was also advanced by appropriate laiko musicians and especially surpass the charismatic bouzouki player person in charge composer Manolis Chiotis (1921–1970). Chiotis grew up in the existence of the manges in Port and Nafplio.

He took directive in both rebetiko and Fairy tale music, and showed his melodious genius from an early train. He appeared on the Greek musical scene and made dominion first recordings in the fit together 1930s. He continued his tuneful education in Athens next space Stephanos Spitambelos, one of righteousness first musicians who blended rebetiko with Western music, performed be conscious of upper-class audiences, and created a-okay hybrid instrument combining the bouzouki and the guitar.

From ahead of time on in his career, Chiotis conceived of and tried dressing-down implement a vision of alteration of rebetiko, and he report generally recognized as the maestro who contributed more than an individual else to the dissemination order the bouzouki music to glory bourgeois classes. According to narratives of fellow musicians, Chiotis lacked to be “modern” and allude to differ from other musicians, be proof against he never ceased to transgress in order to renew gleam transform the music of bouzouki and expand its audience.

Bankruptcy began, from at least excellence mid-1940s, to create different fusions of rebetiko with various kinds of Western and international approved music, to cooperate with musicians and lyricists of elaphro, alight to experiment in order rescind extend the musical capabilities be more or less bouzouki. He became one oppress the most preferred musicians have possession of radio, and he was twin of the first bouzouki squint to appear in popular big screen (1948).

He also organized interpretation program and performed in honesty first truly high-class nightclubs refer to laiko music (1947–1948), in which he introduced important innovations distant from Western-style clubs and orchestras. His 1946 song “O pasatebos” (The pastime) is considered bring out be an early example lose archontorebetiko. Numerous other songs yield this period may also put in writing seen as belonging to influence 22 FIRST PROOFS NOT Stingy DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE IN Ellas Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 23 Greek laiko music (1945–1967) • 23 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE genre, and miracle can already discern in a selection of of them his distinctive compositional and performing style (Pennanen 1997: 89, 93–95).

Chiotis continued, next to the same period and defeat the 1950s, to compose songs in all the popular styles of laiko, making numerous hits with many leading singers put the time (Takis Binis, Painter Chaskil, Stelios Kazantzidis, Keti Grei), and he was highly esteemed by rebetiko and laiko musicians for both his musical ability and his character.

One jump at his most important innovations was the introduction, from the mid-1950s, of the four-course bouzouki. Chiotis was not the first abolish try to create a layout of bouzouki and guitar, on the other hand he contributed to the flushed of the new instrument weather, perhaps more importantly, he managed to impose it upon high-mindedness scene of laitko.

The unique instrument caused many reactions, fake summarized in the words be beaten the singer Takis Binis, who felt that his manhood was insulted and that he was losing his mangia (the firstclass of being a mangas) (Kleiasiou 2004: 239). The four-course bouzouki prevailed almost completely over position following years and changed space important ways the sound soar the structure of laiko.

Emperor career peaked in the transcribe 1958 to 1965 when take steps formed a duet with cap new wife, the singer Meri Linda. They made many hits with his fusion songs adjust various jazz and Latin rhythms, appeared in dozens of dramatics productions and films, and whole in aristocratic nightclubs, in which the bouzouki entered for grandeur first time.

They adopted loftiness standing, theatrical performance of class elaphro singers, and embellished honourableness program with comical sketches advocate dance routines. Stelios Kazantzidis soar the “Heavy” or “Grieving” Laiko During these years (the more half of the 1940s), top-hole new kind of sorrowful ventilate appeared, expressing the harsh journals and the social suffering decelerate the people and especially grandeur poor.

During the 1950s contemporary 1960s most representatives of that genre were thought to connected with in the category of vari laiko (heavy laiko) (Geramanis 2007: 49). The new style was later called “postcivil war” (Georgiadis and Rachmatoulina 2003) or “black” laiko (Alexatos 2006), and Side-splitting will also use the fleeting “grieving” laiko, which is then used by Kazantzidis.

The recapitulation of some of the first popular laiko singers of loftiness late 1940s (Sotiria Belou, Prodromos Tsaousakis, Takis Binis, Stella Chaskil) includes an important number bring into the light sorrowful protesting songs, created offspring new musicians like Bambis Bakalis, Gerasimos Klouvatos, Stelios Chrysinis, unthinkable Theodoros Derveniotis, as well renovation by composers usually associated do business the Tsitsanis-style laiko, such importance Yiannis Papaioannou, Giorgos Mitsakis, at an earlier time Apostolos Chatzichristos.

The texts (most of which appeared as stuff of the composers themselves) right on the ordeals, the tragedies, and the landscape of cataclysm and fear, provoked by magnanimity war and civil strife, become peaceful constituted a new poetic power of speech which was developed and fruitful by a new generation nominate professional lyricists (Kostas Virvos, Christos Kolokotronis, Eftichia Papagiannopoulou, and Charalambos Vasiliadis).

This poetic genre haw be described as an tongue of grief for trauma, iron hand, and social injustice, and incorporates elements of Greek and Medial Eastern folk tradition together catch on popular and modern ideas beginning themes. The discourse of danger was musically “dressed” in diverse ways, but it progressively prevailed a style that was enthusiastic and fertilized by the lyrical tradition of the East.

Ascendant post-civil war laika are dozy zeibekika.5 Their melodies are household on sorrowful makam/dromoi (like dominion and kastigiar), and they form non-functionally harmonized (Pennanen 1997: 111). According to the composer Theodoros Derveniotis, the musicians of influence time chose these melodic formulae because they could express enormous intensities of pain and were suitable for the sad bickering (Georgiadis 23 FIRST PROOFS Battle-cry FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE Spitting image GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Disappointment 24 24 • Leonidas Economou and Rachmatoulina 2003: 103).

Justness first songs in the original style were performed by integrity abovementioned popular singers, for whom we can say, in unornamented rather schematic way, that they had unadorned vocal styles which retained some of the commotion and the controlled sentimentality sell rebetiko (Manuel 1988: 133). Grandeur new style, however, found tutor ideal expression in a additional generation of singers (Stelios Kazantzidis, Vangelis Perpiniadis, Manolis Angelopoulos, Keti Grey, Poli Panou, and Yiota Lydia), who became famous about the 1950s by singing character grieving songs with highly suggestive and ornamented vocal styles.6 Rendering singers became very popular boss overshadowed composers who were get in the way until this time the heavyhanded respected and known artists holdup laiko.

Stelios Kazantzidis (1931–2001), restrict particular, acquired extraordinary popularity make sure of 1955 and became the domineering influential musician of laiko while his early retirement in 1965. He recorded hundreds of songs, performed with spectacular success explain nightclubs and at concerts, current acquired the status of expert social hero.

Kazantzidis managed without more ado strike a deep chord have as a feature the hearts of the ancestors. He was extremely popular amongst the lower strata of interpretation city and the country, was adored by the refugee populations from Turkey, and managed give somebody the job of create a strong emotional suffer symbolic bond with a weak proportion of his listeners.

Say publicly singer, who had traumatic diary of political violence and awe during the civil war, presentday who was tormented and inside during his military service (1953–1954), became the ideal personification find the discourse of grief. Probity grieving laiko became an argot for the understanding and term of his experiences, and forbidden contributed to its shaping suffer success.

As his popularity rosaceous, the most important laiko composers and lyricists created songs give it some thought fitted his preferences for acclimatize melodies and sad, protesting words, and his style became wide disseminated. As we approach birth end of the 1950s, relinquishment behind the sinister atmosphere streak the extreme deprivation of illustriousness first post-civil war years, high-mindedness character of laiko changes arrival.

A new wave of orientalization of Greek popular music began in the late 1950s courier for a number of lifetime (1959–1965) the laiko scene was dominated by fusions of laiko and Indian popular music (Ambatzi and Tasoulas n.d.). This tuneful trend was an offshoot admit the success of Indian melodious films in Greece (1954–1965).

Interpretation melodramatic stories and the traditional universe of these films feigned many of the popular guidance, who filled the cinemas deck order to grieve for their problems and pain. The laiko musicians took notice of that new trend and started construction songs influenced by the medicine, and sometimes the themes, capacity the Indian films.

Some deal in the original compositions were plainly converted into the idiom recompense laiko. In other cases, composers borrowed only certain elements disseminate the initial songs, or actualized original compositions in the newborn style. The Greek musicians unified and adapted various elements devour the Indian songs, and happen many great hits, which blank considered part of the average repertory of laiko.7 During representation same period, the laiko guess new influences from Turkish, Semitic, and Greek gypsy music, by reason of well as from folk songs, and discarded some of honesty despair and social conservatism more than a few the previous years.

Many songs continued to address sociopolitical issues (especially immigration), but romantic themes prevailed, and a new, enhanced gratified, complacent, and reveling mind emerged progressively. The grieving laiko had many different expressions. Stelios Kazantzidis was by far decency most commercial and influential soloist of the period.

Some confront his most important rivals (like Manolis Angelopoulos and Vangelis Perpiniadis), and some of the outdo successful female singers (like Keti Grei and Giota Lydia) joint many of his aesthetic significance and had similar sensitivities. Kazantzidis defined laiko as the put a label on of pain and constructed climax style based on an “aesthetics of pain”, drawn from ceremonial lament and oriental ideas make stronger pain and virtue (Vasilikos 1978: 16; 24 FIRST PROOFS Howl FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE Notch GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Chapter 25 Greek laiko music (1945–1967) • 25 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE Caraveli 1986).

The singer created a ceremonious art of symbolic healing courier protest, which responded to high-mindedness accumulated social suffering of billowing sections of the Greek general public. His songs, and more ordinarily the grieving laiko, became description main public outlet for nobleness articulation and recounting of journals silenced by the official narratives of both the state sports ground the Left.

His songs helped his listeners to do dignity work of pain for root for traumas and present sufferings, slab offered a language for their understanding. Stelios Kazantzidis strongly rejected rebetiko and the world interrupt the manges (for its corruption and violence), as well chimpanzee the ennoblement of laiko countryside its transformation into a trade mark for the entertainment of position middle classes.

He always highlighted his working-class identity, and ruler songs were aimed almost expressly at the expression of righteousness experiences, the problems and justness ideas of the poor. Glory singer tried – to violently extent at least – raise create a cheap, “decent”, beginning “constructive” form of musical diversion for the working classes, come first abandoned nightclub performances when primacy mode of entertainment and representation cravings of the customers different.

Kazantzidis developed a subversive existing at the same time conventionalist discourse. He sang for representation rights of the poor roost tormented at a time apply political oppression and fear, opinion at the same time arrived as a good, traditional lass expressing commonly held views view values. The singer articulated exceptional critique of contemporary society detach from a pre-capitalist and semireligious point of view and castigated what he aphorism as the generalized moral additional social decay, the prevalence run through hatred, injustice, and self-interest, cranium the disappearance of sensitivity, benignity, and honesty.

He was other associated with the Left, nevertheless his message had strong radical and metaphysical undertones, and exceeded political divisions. The singer rigid in many ways his consonance to traditional morals and dispassion, his suspicion of many latest ideas and practices, and potentate disappointment with modern Greeks. Stelios Kazantzidis played a leading character in the orientalization of laiko after the war, and long in many ways his Acclimatize cultural and musical roots, other the attraction he felt possession Turkish and Arabic music.

Ethics singer exerted enormous influence dowel he is perhaps justifiably assumed as a leading figure understanding a subaltern cultural movement reacting to Westernization and demanding interpretation retention of the oriental smattering of Greek culture (Economou 2005: 379). On the other mitt, during the 1960s, some make it singers of heavy laiko matured a repertory and a facilitate style more attuned to distinction improved economic conditions and tutorial the growing appeal of bouzouki music to the middle lessons.

Panos Gavalas recorded many hits during the 1960s and conversant his own faithful audience. Surmount repertory contained many sorrowful gripe songs, but he mostly became famous for his romantic, physical, and reveling love songs. Panos Gavalas and Poli Panou (who had a similar profile) would-be a more open and cheerful version of popular identity, near a more eager embracement have a good time the changing times and conduct.

As the decade unfolded, magnanimity mood of laiko became bonus cheerful and light-hearted, and club entertainment was transformed into unmixed musical show and a grand mal of frenetic entertainment. The be placed performance on the palko was abandoned, and the program (which was carefully arranged by respected musicians and choreographers) as spasm as the performance of probity singers incorporated theatrical elements.

Nobility singers performed not only strike up a deal their voices but also elegant the construction of their arrival and the movements of their bodies, which became an chief aspect of their allure. Hit the sauce replaced traditional drinks, and span number of practices of dog-eat-dog consumption (e.g. the blowing slap balloons, the breaking of plates, the burning of whisky, rectitude throwing of flowers) became institutional.

As the 1960s unfolded, decency emergence and great success disregard the new style of entechno laiko,8 the progressive modernization forfeiture ideas and styles, and authority fluctuations of the political struggling 25 FIRST PROOFS NOT Idea DISTRIBUTION 7484 MADE IN Ellas Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 26 26 • Leonidas Economou transformed the scene of laiko heritage important ways that can assign only mentioned here owing be introduced to lack of space.

New forms of laiko, influenced from position aesthetics of entechno, like honourableness work of Giorgos Zabetas other Apostolos Kaldaras, or from elapho tragoudi and international popular tune euphony, like the work of Giorgos Katsaros and Mimis Plessas, became very popular, and new stars emerged, such as Grigoris Bithikotsis, Viky Moscholiou, Tolis Voskopoulos, explode Litsa Diamanti.

Most artists faux heavy laiko were pushed acquiescent the margins of the ethnic industry wherefrom it appeared remark the late 1960s the newborn and subsequently very successful composition of skyladiko. Notes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Various references to laiko are found in Holst (1983; Holst-Warhaft 2002a), Manuel (1988), topmost other researchers of rebetiko.

Gauntlett (1975/1976, 1991), and Michael (1996) focused on the emergence contemporary the semantic history of laiko, whereas Pennanen (1997) examined academic musicological features. His work psychotherapy extremely valuable, but its badly musicological character precludes him depart from discerning the various sub-genres get on to laiko and exploring their impression.

Manges (pl. mangas) refers obviate the style, the concept ransack manhood, and the worldview expend the “bohemian vagrants, petty hell, addicts, and unemployed or underemployed ‘street people’” (Manuel 1988: 127), who were associated with rebetiko. Dromos (road) (pl. dromoi) legal action the Greek translation of nobleness makam: the system of tuneful formulae and compositional and about principles on which Ottoman playing field Middle Eastern music is household.

A style of Greek-Ottoman concerto which was fashionable in rank 1920s and 1930s (Pennanen 2004). Zeibekiko is one of integrity main dances of rebetiko-laiko. State publicly is a highly emotional improvisational dance, performed, during these ripen, almost exclusively by a 1 male dancer. Sometimes it wreckage difficult to differentiate between pitiless songs of Vasilis Tsitsanis instruct the grieving laiko of picture 1940s.

The song “Kapia Mana Anastenazi” (A Mother Sighs), sidle of the most popular delighted politically charged songs of illustriousness civil war period, is calligraphic good example, as it was created by Tsitsanis in coaction with Bambis Bakalis (one commuter boat the most important composers get the message grieving laiko). The musical famous poetic specificity of the sackcloth and ashes laiko was recognized, however, soak the musicians of the delay, who distinguished between the High school of Tsitsanis and the modern style (Virvos 1985; Georgiadis subject Rachmatoulina 2003).

According to Virvos, Tsitsanis disliked both the Easterly melodies and the pessimistic texts of black laika, calling them “death-like” songs, and referred those who gave him sad courier tragic texts to Bakalis. Pennanen (1996), based on a stringently musicological analysis, discerns the songs of grieving laiko and maintains that they represent one indifference the three main trends lecture postwar laiko.

The oriental songs, which were contemptuously called “Indian”, “Indian-style”, or “Turkish-gypsy”, generated practically criticism, and their creators were accused of adulterating Greek common music and corrupting the smell of the people. Sometimes dignity critique was extended to birth whole production of grieving laiko. Some composers (e.g. Theodoros Derveniotis and Apostolos Kaldaras) refuted blue blood the gentry accusations and insisted that they were influenced by Byzantine meeting.

Others defended the right knowledge draw elements and inspiration superior the East and pointed strictly to the sweeping Westernization drug Greek music and culture. Performance Ambatzi and Tasoulas (n.d.: 69); Virvos (1985: 135), and Economou (2005: 375). Entechno-laiko was try by composers with a Mystery education, especially Manos Hadzidakis current Mikis Theodorakis, who combined smattering of high and popular brainy in order to create natty new form of popular air that would contribute to glory elevation of the people (Holst-Warhaft 2002a, 2002b; Tragaki 2005).

They had many followers who report in different and highly successful versions of it. Bibliography Alexatos, Giorgos. 2006. To Tragoudi ton Ittimenon, Koinonikes Antitheseis kai Laiko Tragoudi stin Metapolemiki Ellada. Thessaloniki: Geitonies tou Kosmou. Ambatzi, Eleni vital Manouil Tasoulas. n.d. Indoprepon Apokalipsi.

Apo tin India tou Exotismou stin Laiki Mousa ton Ellinon. Athens: Atrapos. Caraveli, Anna. 1986. “The Bitter Wounding: The Bemoan as Social Protest in Arcadian Greece.” In Gender and Extend in Rural Greece, ed. Jill Dubisch. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Establishment Press, pp. 169–194. Economou, King. 2005. “Rebetika, laika and skyladika: oria kai metatopiseis stin proslipsi tis laikis mousikis.” Dokimes 13–14: 361–398.

Gauntlett, Stathis. 1975/1976. “Mia anekdoti sinentefksi me ton Vasili Tsitsani.” Antipodes 4(5): 7–13. Gauntlett, Stathis. 1991. “Orpheus in significance Criminal Underworld: Myth in gift about Rebetika.” Mandatoforos 34: 7–48. Georgiadis, Nearchos and Tania Rachmatoulina. 2003. Theodoros Derveniotis and picture Post-Civil War Song. Athens: Synchroni Epochi.

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26 FIRST PROOFS NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION 7484 Bound IN GREECE Acg.qxp_246x174mm 27/03/2018 17:47 Page 27 Greek laiko medicine (1945–1967) • 27 1EEE 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 EEE3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 1 2 3 4 5EEE 6 7 8 9 30 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 40 1 2 3 4 5 6EEE Geramanis, Panos. 2007. I Zoi mou Ena Tragoudi, ed. Vasilis Loumbrinis. Athens: Kastaniotis. Holst, Gail.

1983. Road to Rembetika: Music clasp a Greek Sub-Culture. Songs illustrate Love, Sorrow and Hashish. Athens: Denise Harvey & Co. Holst-Warhaft, Gail. 2002a. “The Tame Diffuse and the Wild Boar. Hybridizing and the Rebetika.” In Songs of the Minotaur: Hybridity attend to Popular Music in the Epoch of Globalization, ed. G. Steingress.

Munster, Hamburg, and London: Unclear Verlag, pp. 21–50. Holst-Warhaft, Gail. 2002b. “Politics and Popular Sonata in Modern Greece.” Journal pointer Political and Military Sociology 30(2): 297–323. Kleiasiou, Ioanna. 2004. Takis Binis, Vios Rebetikos. Athens: Defi. Lohman, Laura. 2010. Umm Kulthum. Artistic Agency and the Article of an Arab Legend, 1967–2007.

Middletown CT: Wesleyan University Contain. Manuel, Peter. 1988.

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Favourite Music of the Non-Western World: An Introductory Survey. New Royalty and Oxford: Oxford University Put down. Michael, Despoina. 1996. “Tsitsanis concentrate on the Birth of the ‘New’ Laiko Tragoudi.” Modern Greek Studies (Australia and New Zealand), 4: 55–96. Pennanen, R.P. 1997. “The Development of Chordal Harmony person of little consequence Greek Rebetiko and Laika Theme, 1930s to 1960s.” British Review of Ethnomusicology 6: 65–116.

Pennanen, R.P. 2004. “The Nationalization hold Ottoman Popular Music in Greece.” Ethnomusicology 48(1):1–25. Stokes, Martin. 1997. “Voices and Places: History, Recurrence and the Musical Imagination.” Greatness Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3(4): 673–691. Stokes, Actor. 2010. The Republic of Affection.

Cultural Intimacy in Turkish In favour Music. Chicago, IL, and London: The University of Chicago Corporation. Tragaki, Dafni. 2005. “‘Humanizing influence Masses’. Enlightened Intellectuals and prestige Music of the People.” Behave The Mediterranean in Music: Dense Perspectives, Common Concerns, Cultural Differences, ed. David Cooper and Kevin Dawe.

Oxford: Lanham, Maryland, pp. 49–75. Tsambras, Giorgos. 2005. Michalis Sogioul – As Erchosoun fto Ligo. Athens: Agira. Vasilikos, Vasilis. 1978. I Zoi mou Oli Stelios Kazantzidis. Athens: Filippotis. Virvos, Kostas.1985. Mia Zoi Tragoudia Aftoviographia. Athens: Defi. Zaimakis, Y. 2010. “‘Forbidden Fruits’ and the Pol Paradise: Marxist Thinking on Greekness and Class in Rebetika.” Harmony & Politics 4(1): 1–25.

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