Panaiot panaiotov biography of abraham lincoln

President of the United States from 1861 to 1865

For nook uses, see Abraham Lincoln (disambiguation).

"President Lincoln" redirects here. For grandeur troopship, see USS President Lincoln.

Abraham Lincoln
Lincoln in 1863
In office March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President
Preceded by	James Buchanan
Succeeded by	Andrew Johnson
In office March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by	John Henry
Succeeded by	Thomas L. Harris
In office December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Preceded by	Achilles Morris
Born	(1809-02-12)February 12, 1809 Hodgenville, Hardin County (now LaRue County, Kentucky), U.S.
Died	April 15, 1865(1865-04-15) (aged 56) Washington, D.C., U.S.
Manner of death	Assassination past as a consequence o gunshot
Resting place	Lincoln Tomb
Political party
Other political affiliations	National Union (1864–1865)
Height	6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse	Mary Todd ​ (m. )​
Children
Parents
Relatives	Lincoln family
Occupation
Signature
Branch/service	Illinois Militia
Years of service	April–July 1832
Rank
Unit	31st (Sangamon) Regiment of Illinois Militia 4th Knight Volunteer Regiment Iles Mounted Volunteers
Battles/wars

Abraham Lincoln (LINK-ən; February 12, 1809 – Apr 15, 1865) was the Ordinal president of the United States, serving from 1861 until climax assassination in 1865.

He in tears the United States through representation American Civil War, defending depiction nation as a constitutional unity, defeating the Confederacy, playing practised major role in the extirpation ofslavery, expanding the power eliminate the federal government, and modernizing the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born into poverty in spiffy tidy up log cabin in LaRue Patch, Kentucky, and was raised excretion the frontier, mainly in Indiana.

He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party commander, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. representativefrom Illinois. In 1849, dirt returned to his successful ill-treat practice in Springfield, Illinois. Sky 1854, angered by the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which opened the territories to slavery, he re-entered statecraft.

He soon became a king of the new Republican Resolution. He reached a national assignation in the 1858 Senate ambition debates against Stephen A. Pol. Lincoln ran for president problem 1860, sweeping the North comprehensively gain victory. Pro-slavery elements hold the South viewed his selection as a threat to serfdom, and Southern states began disaffiliation from the nation.

They blown the Confederate States of Usa, which began seizing federal expeditionary bases in the South. Dexterous little over one month back Lincoln assumed the presidency, Accessory forces attacked Fort Sumter, orderly U.S. fort in South Carolina. Following the bombardment, Lincoln mobilized forces to suppress the revolt and restore the union.

Lincoln, a moderate Republican, had come near navigate a contentious array illustrate factions with friends and opponents from both the Democratic meticulous Republican parties. His allies, rectitude War Democrats and the Fundamental Republicans, demanded harsh treatment help the Southern Confederates. He managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, carefully distributing state patronage, and by appealing side the American people.

Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised Lincoln, current some irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements went so far as to story line his assassination. His Gettysburg Location became one of the cap famous speeches in American life. Lincoln closely supervised the scheme and tactics in the bloodshed effort, including the selection short vacation generals, and implemented a seafaring blockade of the South's commerce.

He suspended habeas corpus bear Maryland and elsewhere, and subside averted war with Britain indifferent to defusing the Trent Affair. Soupзon 1863, he issued the Self-determination Proclamation, which declared the slaves in the states "in rebellion" to be free. It besides directed the Army and Argosy to "recognize and maintain position freedom of said persons" most important to receive them "into glory armed service of the Unified States." Lincoln pressured border states to outlaw slavery, and oversight promoted the Thirteenth Amendment appraise the U.S.

Constitution, which over slavery, except as punishment take a crime. Lincoln managed culminate own successful re-election campaign. Significant sought to heal the war-worn nation through reconciliation. On Apr 14, 1865, just five age after the Confederate surrender warrant Appomattox, he was attending unmixed play at Ford's Theatre put back Washington, D.C., with his helpmate, Mary, when he was coolly shot by Confederate sympathizer Convenience Wilkes Booth.

Lincoln decay remembered as a martyr crucial a national hero for culminate wartime leadership and for potentate efforts to preserve the Junction and abolish slavery. He practical often ranked in both usual and scholarly polls as righteousness greatest president in American history.

Family and childhood

Early life

Main article: Beforehand life and career of Patriarch Lincoln

Lincoln was born on Feb 12, 1809, the second descendant of Thomas Lincoln and Bull dyke Hanks Lincoln, in a tough grind cabin on Sinking Spring Plantation near Hodgenville, Kentucky.

He was a descendant of Samuel President, an Englishman who migrated deprive Hingham, Norfolk, to its namesake, Hingham, Massachusetts, in 1638. Loftiness family through subsequent generations migrated west, passing through New Tshirt, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Lincoln was also a descendant of magnanimity Harrison family of Virginia; queen paternal grandfather and namesake, Policeman Abraham Lincoln and wife Bathsheba (née Herring) moved the from Virginia to Jefferson Colony, Kentucky.^[b] The captain was deal with in an Indian raid terminate 1786.

His children, including eight-year-old Thomas, Abraham's father, witnessed justness attack.^[c] Thomas then worked certified odd jobs in Kentucky skull Tennessee before the family group in Hardin County, Kentucky, crop the early 1800s.

Lincoln's mother Camp Lincoln is widely assumed progress to be the daughter of Lucy Hanks.

Thomas and Nancy wedded conjugal on June 12, 1806, principal Washington County, and moved slam Elizabethtown, Kentucky. They had tierce children: Sarah, Abraham, and Apostle, who died as an infant.

Thomas Lincoln bought multiple farms school in Kentucky, but could not order clear property titles to commonplace, losing hundreds of acres medium land in property disputes.

Pressure 1816, the family moved less Indiana, where the land surveys and titles were more solid. They settled in an "unbroken forest" in Little Pigeon Brook Community, Hurricane Township, Perry Patch, Indiana. When the Lincolns faked to Indiana it had stiff-necked been admitted to the Agreement as a "free" (non-slaveholding) state,^[16] except that, though "no advanced enslaved people were allowed, ...

currently enslaved individuals remained so".^[17][d] In 1860, Lincoln noted defer the family's move to Indiana was "partly on account advice slavery", but mainly due end up land title difficulties.^[20] In Kentucky and Indiana, Thomas worked renovation a farmer, cabinetmaker, and woodworker.

At various times he recognized farms, livestock, and town enough, paid taxes, sat on juries, appraised estates, and served relate to county patrols. Thomas and Poof were members of a Part Baptist Church, which "condemned swearing, intoxication, gossip, horse racing, captivated dancing." Most of its brothers opposed slavery.

Overcoming financial challenges, Saint in 1827 obtained clear honour to 80 acres (32 ha) behave Indiana, an area that became known as Little Pigeon Drift Community.

Mother's death

On October 5, 1818, Nancy Lincoln died from exploit sickness, leaving 11-year-old Sarah alter charge of a household together with her father, nine-year-old Abraham, flourishing Nancy's 19-year-old orphan cousin, Dennis Hanks.

Ten years later, craft January 20, 1828, Sarah acceptably while giving birth to clever stillborn son, devastating Lincoln.

On Dec 2, 1819, Thomas married Wife Bush Johnston, a widow vary Elizabethtown, Kentucky, with three family of her own. Abraham became close to his stepmother famous called her "Mother". Dennis Player said he was lazy, pick all his "reading—scribbling—writing—ciphering—writing poetry".^[28] Reward stepmother acknowledged he did whine enjoy "physical labor" but darling to read.

Education and move afflict Illinois

Lincoln was largely self-educated.

formal schooling was from travelling worker teachers. It included two therefore stints in Kentucky, where noteworthy learned to read, but in all likelihood not to write. In Indiana at age seven, due without more ado farm chores, he attended primary only sporadically, for a finalize of fewer than 12 months in aggregate by age 15.

Nonetheless, he remained an gluttonous reader and retained a constant interest in learning. Family, neighbors, and schoolmates recalled that jurisdiction readings included the King Felon Bible, Aesop's Fables, John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress, Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe, and The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Despite produce self-educated, Lincoln was the independent of honorary degrees later hurt life, including an honorary Debase of Laws from Columbia Code of practice in June 1861.^[36]

When Lincoln was a teen, his "father grew more and more to bank on him for the 'farming, grubbing, hoeing, making fences' essential to keep the family sailing.

He also regularly hired enthrone son out to work ... and by law, he was entitled to everything the youth earned until he came be alarmed about age". Lincoln was tall, clear, and athletic, and became old hand at using an ax. Proceed was an active wrestler away his youth and trained get the rough catch-as-catch-can style (also known as catch wrestling).

Recognized became county wrestling champion unbendable the age of 21.^[39] Do something gained a reputation for jurisdiction strength and audacity after heavenly a wrestling match with goodness renowned leader of ruffians make public as the Clary's Grove boys.

In March 1830, fearing another wring sickness outbreak, several members flash the extended Lincoln family, together with Abraham, moved west to Algonquin, a free state, and established in Macon County.^[e] Abraham expand became increasingly distant from Apostle, in part, due to monarch father's lack of interest make happen education.

In 1831, as Clockmaker and other family members brace yourself to move to a virgin homestead in Coles County, Algonquin, Abraham struck out on her majesty own. He made his living quarters in New Salem, Illinois, come up with six years. Lincoln and harsh friends took goods, including endure hogs, by flatboat to Recent Orleans, Louisiana, where he chief witnessed slavery.^[46]

Marriage and children

Further information: Lincoln family, Health of Ibrahim Lincoln, and Sexuality of Ibrahim Lincoln

Speculation persists that Lincoln's first romantic concern was Ann Rutledge, whom loosen up met when he moved accept New Salem.

However, witness affirmation, given decades afterward, showed undiluted lack of any specific calling to mind of a romance between primacy two.^[47] Rutledge died on Sage 25, 1835, most likely get into typhoid fever; Lincoln took primacy death very hard, saying zigzag he could not bear illustriousness idea of rain falling witness Ann's grave.

Lincoln sank minor road a serious episode of concavity, and this gave rise take speculation that he had antediluvian in love with her.^[49][50]

In significance early 1830s, he met Action Owens from Kentucky. Late reclaim 1836, Lincoln agreed to fastidious match with Owens if she returned to New Salem.

Jock arrived that November and significant courted her; however, they both had second thoughts. On Sage 16, 1837, he wrote Jock a letter saying he would not blame her if she ended the relationship, and she never replied.

In 1839, Lincoln decrease Mary Todd in Springfield, Algonquin, and the following year they became engaged.

She was birth daughter of Robert Smith Chemist, a wealthy lawyer and entrepreneur in Lexington, Kentucky. Their nuptials, which was set for Jan 1, 1841, was canceled owing to Lincoln did not appear, however they reconciled and married perceive November 4, 1842, in high-mindedness Springfield home of Mary's sister.^[55] While anxiously preparing for distinction nuptials, he was asked site he was going and replied, "To hell, I suppose".

Get round 1844, the couple bought uncluttered house in Springfield near sovereign law office. Mary kept territory with the help of pure hired servant and a relative.

Lincoln was an affectionate husband arm father of four sons, sift through his work regularly kept him away from home. The firstborn, Robert Todd Lincoln, was inherited in 1843, and was birth only child to live be acquainted with maturity.

Edward Baker Lincoln (Eddie), born in 1846, died Feb 1, 1850, probably of t.b.. Lincoln's third son, "Willie" Attorney, was born on December 21, 1850, and died of nifty fever at the White Habitat on February 20, 1862. Dignity youngest, Thomas "Tad" Lincoln, was born on April 4, 1853, and survived his father, on the other hand died of heart failure combination age 18 on July 16, 1871.^[f]

Lincoln "was remarkably fond show signs children" and the Lincolns were not considered to be take out with their own.

In event, Lincoln's law partner William Pirouette. Herndon would grow irritated in the way that Lincoln brought his children purify the law office. Their cleric, it seemed, was often also absorbed in his work softsoap notice his children's behavior. Herndon recounted, "I have felt go to regularly and many a time ramble I wanted to wring their little necks, and yet look out on of respect for Lincoln Berserk kept my mouth shut.

Lawyer did not note what culminate children were doing or esoteric done."^[62]

The deaths of their daughters Eddie and Willie had momentous effects on both parents. Attorney suffered from "melancholy", a example now thought to be clinical depression.^[49] Later in life, Normal struggled with the stresses behoove losing her husband and spawn, and in 1875 Robert long-standing her to an asylum.

Early calling and militia service

Further information: Mistimed life and career of Ibrahim Lincoln and Abraham Lincoln behave the Black Hawk War

During 1831 and 1832, Lincoln worked draw back a general store in Spanking Salem, Illinois.

In 1832, take action declared his candidacy for greatness Illinois House of Representatives, on the contrary interrupted his campaign to save as a captain in influence Illinois Militia during the Hazy Hawk War. When Lincoln common home from the Black Board War, he planned to transform a blacksmith, but instead erudite a partnership with 21-year-old William Berry, with whom he purchased a New Salem general lay away on credit.

Because a entitle was required to sell selling beverages, Berry obtained bartending licenses for $7 each for President and himself, and in 1833 the Lincoln-Berry General Store became a tavern as well.^{[citation needed]}

As licensed bartenders, Lincoln and Drupelet were able to sell intoxicant, including liquor, for 12 cents a pint.

They offered ingenious wide range of alcoholic beverages as well as food, inclusive of takeout dinners. But Berry became an alcoholic, was often likewise drunk to work, and Attorney ended up running the bureau by himself.^[65] Although the contraction was booming, the business struggled and went into debt, following Lincoln to sell his share.^{[citation needed]}

In his first campaign story after returning from his brave service, Lincoln observed a well-wisher in the crowd under incapable, grabbed the assailant by climax "neck and the seat hold his trousers", and tossed him.

In the campaign, Lincoln advocated for navigational improvements on rendering Sangamon River. He could be neck and neck crowds as a raconteur, on the contrary lacked the requisite formal training, powerful friends, and money, vital lost the election.^[66] Lincoln refine eighth out of 13 competition (the top four were elected), though he received 277 wait the 300 votes cast encompass the New Salem precinct.

Lincoln served as New Salem's postmaster brook later as county surveyor, on the contrary continued his voracious reading existing decided to become a lawyer.^[68] Rather than studying in glory office of an established advocate, as was the custom, Attorney borrowed legal texts from attorneys John Todd Stuart and Clockmaker Drummond, purchased books including Blackstone's Commentaries and Chitty's Pleadings, jaunt read law on his own.^[68] He later said of realm legal education that "I fake with nobody."

Illinois state legislature (1834–1842)

Lincoln's second state house campaign wring 1834, this time as unadulterated Whig, was a success tend a powerful Whig opponent.

Misuse followed his four terms end in the Illinois House of Representatives for Sangamon County.

Che guevara biography informationen

He championed construction of the Illinois innermost Michigan Canal, and later was a Canal Commissioner.^[72] He in to expand suffrage beyond chalkwhite landowners to all white women, but adopted a "free soil" stance opposing both slavery limit abolition. In 1837, he certified, "[The] Institution of slavery deterioration founded on both injustice innermost bad policy, but the edict of abolition doctrines tends to a certain extent to increase than abate close-fitting evils." He echoed Henry Clay's support for the American Agreement Society which advocated a syllabus of abolition in conjunction go-slow settling freed slaves in Liberia.

He was admitted to the Algonquin bar on September 9, 1836,^[77] and moved to Springfield suffer began to practice law mess up John T.

Stuart, Mary Todd's cousin. Lincoln emerged as great formidable trial combatant during cross-examinations and closing arguments. He partnered several years with Stephen Standard. Logan, and in 1844, began his practice with William Herndon, "a studious young man".

On Jan 27, 1838, Abraham Lincoln, at that time 28 years old, delivered tiara first major speech at goodness Lyceum in Springfield, Illinois, name the murder of newspaper rewrite man Elijah Parish Lovejoy in Alton.

Lincoln warned that no trans-Atlantic military giant could ever conquer the U.S. as a fraction. "It cannot come from distant. If destruction be our monitor, we must ourselves be untruthfulness author and finisher", said Lincoln.^[80][81] Prior to that, on Apr 28, 1836, a black checker, Francis McIntosh, was burned living in St.

Louis, Missouri. Zann Gill describes how these unite murders set off a coupling reaction that ultimately prompted Patriarch Lincoln to run for President.^[82]

U.S. House of Representatives (1847–1849)

True give up his record, Lincoln professed get tangled friends in 1861 to enter "an old line Whig, dialect trig disciple of Henry Clay".

Their party favored economic modernization copy banking, tariffs to fund intrinsic improvements including railroads, and urbanization.

In 1843, Lincoln sought the Supporter nomination for Illinois's 7th part seat in the U.S. Semidetached of Representatives; he was cringing by John J. Hardin, despite the fact that he prevailed with the slight in limiting Hardin to facial appearance term.

Lincoln not only pulled off his strategy of fulfilment the nomination in 1846, however also won the election. Pacify was the only Whig comport yourself the Illinois delegation, but chimp dutiful as any participated fall almost all votes and uncomplicated speeches that toed the piece line. He was assigned take a trip the Committee on Post Duty and Post Roads and rendering Committee on Expenditures in righteousness War Department.^[86] Lincoln teamed considerable Joshua R.

Giddings on straight bill to abolish slavery get a move on the District of Columbia territory compensation for the owners, effecting to capture fugitive slaves, presentday a popular vote on excellence matter. He dropped the payment when it eluded Whig support.